A lot of the replies here are ill-informed.
I am a retired lawyer who used to specialize in
answering such questions with legal ways to do things:
One item at a time:
1) New Name - If getting a passport in the UK or almost any English speaking country , it is easy, perfectly legal and not any problem to change your name with a deed-poll or simple affidavit that you are using a different name than the one on your birth certificate. In many if not most other countries my clients have gotten new local language names on their passports. In France, Israel , Turkey, & all Moslem countries, the passport name can be a local translation or entirely new. John Greene might become Juan Verde, Yoshiko Midori or ???
2) New birthdate- That is tricky and a gray area. But "honest mistakes" are made in applications sometimes, and so a birthdate in some places might be 06/09/1988, and become 09/06/1988. This is not recommended for most people.
3) New Birthplace: Very often the birthplace name with initials is someplace totally different that the actual.For instance, US in some other languages translates as "E.U." or Estados Unidos. I won't go into details here.
Likewise, City names also can be translated. Just go to Google Translate with your birthplace town or county and see what they say in half-a-dozen other languages.
One could write a book on subjects like this, but above is the "rule of thumb."
PT